linguistics Linguistics is the science, scientific study of human language. It is called a scientific study because it entails a comprehensive, systematic, objective, and precise analysis of all aspects of language, particularly its nature and structure ...

and stylistics, an irreversible binomial, frozen binomial, binomial freeze, binomial expression, binomial pair, or nonreversible word pair is a pair or group of words used together in fixed order as an idiomatic expression or collocation. The words have some semantic relationship and are usually connected by the words ''and'' or ''or''. They also belong to the same

part of speech In grammar, a part of speech or part-of-speech (abbreviated as POS or PoS, also known as word class or grammatical category) is a category of words (or, more generally, of lexical items) that have similar grammatical properties. Words that are as ...

: nouns (''milk and honey''), adjectives (''short and sweet''), or verbs (''do or die''). The order of word elements cannot be reversed. The term "irreversible binomial" was introduced by Yakov Malkiel in 1954, though various aspects of the phenomenon had been discussed since at least 1903 under different names: a "terminological imbroglio".

Ernest Gowers Sir Ernest Arthur Gowers (2 June 1880 – 16 April 1966) is best remembered for his book '' Plain Words,'' first published in 1948, and his revision of Fowler's classic '' Modern English Usage''. Before making his name as an author, he had a lon ...

used the name Siamese twins (i.e.,

conjoined twins Conjoined twins – sometimes popularly referred to as Siamese twins – are twins joined ''Uterus, in utero''. A very rare phenomenon, the occurrence is estimated to range from 1 in 49,000 births to 1 in 189,000 births, with a somewhat higher in ...

) in the 1965 edition of Fowler's ''Modern English Usage''. The 2015 edition reverts to the scholarly name, "irreversible binomials", as "Siamese twins" had become offensive. Many irreversible binomials are catchy due to

alliteration Alliteration is the conspicuous repetition of initial consonant sounds of nearby words in a phrase, often used as a literary device. A familiar example is "Peter Piper picked a peck of pickled peppers". Alliteration is used poetically in various ...

rhyming A rhyme is a repetition of similar sounds (usually, the exact same phonemes) in the final stressed syllables and any following syllables of two or more words. Most often, this kind of perfect rhyming is consciously used for a musical or aesthetic ...

, or ablaut reduplication, so becoming clichés or

catchphrase A catchphrase (alternatively spelled catch phrase) is a phrase or expression recognized by its repeated utterance. Such phrases often originate in popular culture and in the arts, and typically spread through word of mouth and a variety of mass ...

s. Phrases like ''rock and roll'', ''the birds and the bees'', ''mix and match'', and ''wear and tear'' have particular meanings apart from or beyond those of their constituent words. Their specific phrasing thus bears the references in the

English lexicon English is a West Germanic language of the Indo-European language family, with its earliest forms spoken by the inhabitants of early medieval England. It is named after the Angles, one of the ancient Germanic peoples that migrated to the is ...

: the former two are idioms, whilst the latter two are collocations. Ubiquitous collocations like ''loud and clear'' and ''life or death'' are

fixed expression A phraseme, also called a set phrase, idiomatic phrase, multi-word expression (in computational linguistics), or idiom, is a multi-word or multi-morphemic utterance whose components include at least one that is selectionally constrained or restric ...

s, making them a standard part of the

vocabulary A vocabulary is a set of familiar words within a person's language. A vocabulary, usually developed with age, serves as a useful and fundamental tool for communication and acquiring knowledge. Acquiring an extensive vocabulary is one of the la ...

of native English speakers. Some English words have become obsolete in general but are still found in an irreversible binomial. For example, ''spick'' is a

fossil word A fossil word is a word that is broadly obsolete but remains in current use due to its presence within an idiom, word sense, or phrase. An example for a word sense is 'navy' in ' merchant navy', which means 'commercial fleet' (although that sense ...

that never appears outside the phrase ''spick and span''. Some other words, like ''vim'' in ''vim and vigor'' or ''abet'' in ''aid and abet'', have become rare and archaic outside the collocation. Numerous irreversible binomials are used in

legalese Legal writing involves the analysis of fact patterns and presentation of arguments in documents such as legal memoranda and briefs. One form of legal writing involves drafting a balanced analysis of a legal problem or issue. Another form of legal ...

. Due to the use of

precedent A precedent is a principle or rule established in a previous legal case that is either binding on or persuasive for a court or other tribunal when deciding subsequent cases with similar issues or facts. Common-law legal systems place great valu ...

common law In law, common law (also known as judicial precedent, judge-made law, or case law) is the body of law created by judges and similar quasi-judicial tribunals by virtue of being stated in written opinions."The common law is not a brooding omnipres ...

, many lawyers use the same collocations found in legal documents centuries old. Many of these legal doublets contain two synonyms, often one of

Old English Old English (, ), or Anglo-Saxon, is the earliest recorded form of the English language, spoken in England and southern and eastern Scotland in the early Middle Ages. It was brought to Great Britain by Anglo-Saxon settlers in the mid-5th c ...

origin and the other of

Latin Latin (, or , ) is a classical language belonging to the Italic branch of the Indo-European languages. Latin was originally a dialect spoken in the lower Tiber area (then known as Latium) around present-day Rome, but through the power of the ...

origin: ''deposes and says'', ''ways and means''. While many irreversible binomials are literal expressions (like ''washer and dryer, rest and relaxation, rich and famous, savings and loan''), some are entirely figurative (like ''come hell or high water, nip and tuck, surf and turf'') or mostly so (like ''between a rock and a hard place, five and dime''). Somewhat in between are more subtle

figures of speech A figure of speech or rhetorical figure is a word or phrase that intentionally deviates from ordinary language use in order to produce a rhetorical effect. Figures of speech are traditionally classified into '' schemes,'' which vary the ordinary ...

, synecdoches,

metaphor A metaphor is a figure of speech that, for rhetorical effect, directly refers to one thing by mentioning another. It may provide (or obscure) clarity or identify hidden similarities between two different ideas. Metaphors are often compared wi ...

s, or

hyperbole Hyperbole (; adj. hyperbolic ) is the use of exaggeration as a rhetorical device or figure of speech. In rhetoric, it is also sometimes known as auxesis (literally 'growth'). In poetry and oratory, it emphasizes, evokes strong feelings, and ...

s (like ''cat and mouse, sick and tired, barefoot and pregnant''). The terms are often the targets of eggcorns, malapropisms, mondegreens, and folk etymology. Some irreversible binomials can have minor variations without loss of understanding: ''time and time again'' is frequently shortened to ''time and again''; a person who is '' tarred and feathered'' (verb) can be said to be covered in ''tar and feathers'' (noun). However, in some cases small changes to wording change the meaning. The accommodating attitude of an activity's participants would be called ''give and take'', while ''give or take'' means "approximately". Undertaking some act whether it is ''right or wrong'' excludes the insight from knowing the difference between ''right and wrong''; each pair has a subtly differing meaning. And while ''five and dime'' is a noun phrase for a low-priced variety store, ''nickel and dime'' is a verb phrase for penny-pinching.

Structure

The words in an irreversible binomial belong to the same

, have some semantic relationship, and are usually connected by ''and'' or ''or''. They are often near- synonyms or antonyms, alliterate, or rhyme. Examples below are split into various tables; some may belong in more than one table but are listed only once.

With opposites and antonyms

* ''addition and subtraction'' * '' assets and liabilities'' * ''back and forth'' * '' balls and strikes'' * ''beginning to end'' * '' black and white'' * ''big and small'' * ''boom or bust'' * ''bride and groom'' * ''

brother and sister "Brother and Sister" (also "Little Sister and Little Brother"; German: ''Brüderchen und Schwesterchen'') is a European fairy tale which was, among others, written down by the Brothers Grimm (KHM 11). It is a tale of Aarne–Thompson Type 450. In ...

'' * ''butt and pass'' * ''buy and sell'' * '' catch and release'' * '' cause and effect'' * '' church and state'' * ''cops and robbers'' * ''come and go'' * ''coming and going'' * ''cowboys and Indians'' * ''days and nights'' * ''deep and wide'' * ''dos and don'ts'' * '' ebb and flow'' * ''fire and ice'' * ''first and last'' * ''floor to ceiling'' * ''food and drink'' * '' fore and aft'' * ''foreign and domestic'' * ''forward and backward'' * ''friend or foe'' * ''front to back'' * ''fruits and vegetables'' * ''give and take'' * '' good and evil'' * ''hail and farewell'' * '' hand and foot'' * ''head over heels'' * ''Heaven and Hell'' * ''here and there'' * ''

hide and seek Hide-and-seek (sometimes known as hide-and-go-seek) is a popular children's game in which at least two players (usually at least three) conceal themselves in a set environment, to be found by one or more seekers. The game is played by one chose ...

'' * ''hill and dale'' * ''him and her'' * ''high and low'' * ''hills and valleys'' * ''his and hers'' * ''hither and thither'' * ''hither and yon'' * ''hot and cold'' * ''hurry up and wait'' * ''husband and wife'' * ''in and out'' * ''in the (right/wrong) place at the (right/wrong) time'' * ''ladies and gentlemen'' * ''land and sea'' * ''life or death'' * ''long and short'' * ''

lost and found A lost and found (American English) or lost property (British English), or lost articles (also Canadian English) is an office in a public building or area where people can go to retrieve lost articles that may have been found by others. Frequen ...

'' * ''love and hate'' * ''love and war'' * ''man and wife'' * ''

mom and pop ] A mother is the female parent of a child. A woman may be considered a mother by virtue of having given birth, by raising a child who may or may not be her biological offspring, or by supplying her ovum for fertilisation in the case of gestati ...

'' * ''naughty or nice'' * ''near and far'' * ''night and day (difference)'' * '' nip and tuck (cosmetic surgery), nip and tuck'' * ''north to south'' * ''now and then'' * '' now and later'' * ''on and off'' * ''open and shut'' * ''over and under'' * ''

park and ride A park and ride, also known as incentive parking or a commuter lot, is a parking lot with public transport connections that allows commuters and other people heading to city centres to leave their vehicles and transfer to a bus, rail system ( ...

'' * '' port and starboard'' * ''pros and cons'' * ''push and pull'' * ''

rank and file Rank and file may refer to: *A military term relating to the horizontal "ranks" (rows) and vertical "files" (columns) of individual foot-soldiers, exclusive of the officers *A term derived from the above used to refer to enlisted troops, as oppose ...

'' * ''rise and fall'' * '' savings and loan'' * ''in sickness and in health'' * '' soap and water'' * ''start to finish'' * '' strike and dip'' * ''

sweet and sour Sweet and sour is a generic term that encompasses many styles of sauce, cuisine and cooking methods. It is commonly used in East Asia and Southeast Asia, and has been used in England since the Middle Ages. Dickson Wright, Clarissa (2011) ''A Histor ...

'' * ''stop and go'' * '' the quick and the dead'' * ''thick and thin'' * ''(there's) a time and a place'' * ''

tip and ring Tip and ring are the two conductors or sides of a telephone line. Their names are derived from the telephone plugs used for connecting telephone calls in manual switchboards. One side of the line is connected to the metal ''tip'' of the plug, and ...

'' * ''to and fro'' * ''top to bottom'' * ''town and country'' * ''up and down'' * ''ups and downs'' * ''uptown and downtown'' * ''

war and peace ''War and Peace'' (russian: Война и мир, translit=Voyna i mir; pre-reform Russian: ; ) is a literary work by the Russian author Leo Tolstoy that mixes fictional narrative with chapters on history and philosophy. It was first published ...

'' * ''washer and dryer'' * ''wax and wane'' * '' yes and no'' * ''

yin and yang Yin and yang ( and ) is a Chinese philosophical concept that describes opposite but interconnected forces. In Chinese cosmology, the universe creates itself out of a primary chaos of material energy, organized into the cycles of yin and ya ...

With related words and synonyms

* ''ages and generations'' * ''aid and comfort'' * ''alas and alack'' * ''bits and pieces'' * ''body and soul'' * ''born and raised/bred'' * ''bright and early'' * ''

brick and mortar Brick and mortar (also bricks and mortar or B&M) refers to a physical presence of an organization or business in a building or other structure. The term ''brick-and-mortar business'' is often used to refer to a company that possesses or leases r ...

'' * ''

by hook or by crook "By hook or by crook" is an English phrase meaning " by any means necessary", suggesting that any means possible should be taken to accomplish a goal. The phrase was first recorded in the Middle English ''Controversial Tracts'' of John Wyclif in ...

'' * ''cheek by jowl'' * ''clean and tidy'' * ''chapter and verse'' * ''(this) day and age'' * ''dollars and cents'' * ''dot the i's and cross the t's'' * '' fear and loathing'' * '' fish and chips'' * ''first and foremost'' * ''hail and farewell'' * ''hand over fist'' * ''haughty and high minded'' * ''head and shoulders'' * ''heart and soul'' * ''herbs and spices'' * ''house and home'' * '' hunger and thirst'' * ''leaps and bounds'' * ''like father, like son'' * '' like mother, like daughter'' * ''lo and behold'' * ''neat and tidy'' * ''six of one,
half a dozen of the other'' * ''nickel and dime'' * ''nook and cranny'' * ''

null and void In law, void means of no legal effect. An action, document, or transaction which is void is of no legal effect whatsoever: an absolute nullity—the law treats it as if it had never existed or happened. The term void ''ab initio'', which means " ...

'' * ''over and done with'' * ''

pain and suffering Pain and suffering is the legal term for the physical and emotional stress caused from an injury (see also pain and suffering). Some damages that might come under this category would be: aches, temporary and permanent limitations on activity, p ...

'' * ''peace and quiet'' * ''

pen and ink A pen is a common writing tool, writing instrument that applies ink to a surface, usually paper, for writing or drawing. Early pens such as reed pens, quill pens, dip pens and ruling pens held a small amount of ink on a Nib (pen), nib or in a sm ...

'' * ''pick and choose'' * ''(on) pins and needles'' * ''plain and simple'' * ''prim and proper'' * ''rant and rave'' * '' rocks and shoals'' * '' shock and awe'' * ''

signs and wonders Signs and wonders refers to experiences that are perceived to be miraculous as being normative in the modern Christian experience, and is a phrase associated with groups that are a part of modern charismatic movements and Pentecostalism. This ...

'' * ''

skull and bones Skull and Bones, also known as The Order, Order 322 or The Brotherhood of Death, is an undergraduate senior secret student society at Yale University in New Haven, Connecticut. The oldest senior class society at the university, Skull and Bone ...

'' * ''

skull and crossbones A skull and crossbones is a symbol consisting of a human skull and two long bones crossed together under or behind the skull. The design originated in the Late Middle Ages as a symbol of death and especially as a ''memento mori'' on tombstones. ...

'' * ''strait and narrow'' * ''straight and narrow'' * ''stress and strain'' * ''swings and roundabouts'' * ''ticks and chiggers'' * ''whine and complain'' * ''wind and rain'' * ''(up) close and personal'' * ''yea and amen''

With alliteration

Also see the English section of the Reduplication article for cases like ''walkie-talkie'', ''ragtag'', ''chit-chat'', ''hip-hop'', ''bing-bang-boom'', ''etc.'' * ''bag and baggage'' * ''baubles and beads'' * ''beams and balance'' * ''

bed and breakfast Bed and breakfast (typically shortened to B&B or BnB) is a small lodging establishment that offers overnight accommodation and breakfast. Bed and breakfasts are often private family homes and typically have between four and eleven rooms, wit ...

'' * ''belt and braces'' * ''big and bad'' * ''

the birds and the bees The talk about sex, often colloquially referred to as "the birds and the bees" or "the facts of life", is generally the occasion in most children's lives when their parents explain what sex is and how to do it. According to tradition, "the bird ...

'' * ''bish bash bosh'' * ''black and blue'' * ''bold and beautiful'' * ''

bootleggers and Baptists Bootleggers and Baptists is a concept put forth by regulatory economist Bruce Yandle,Pdf.
:''See also'':
...

'' * ''boxers or briefs'' * '' bread and butter'' * ''bull and boar'' * ''cash and carry'' * ''chalk and cheese'' * ''cliques and clans'' * ''

command and control Command and control (abbr. C2) is a "set of organizational and technical attributes and processes ... hatemploys human, physical, and information resources to solve problems and accomplish missions" to achieve the goals of an organization or en ...

'' * '' cookies and cream'' * '' deaf and dumb'' * ''(between the) devil and the deep blue sea'' * ''

dine and dash Dine and dash is the US phrase for a form of theft by fraud, in which a patron or patrons orders and consumes food and beverages from a restaurant or similar establishment with the intent not to pay. The act may involve the customer leaving the ...

'' * ''down and dirty'' * ''dribs and drabs'' * '' drink and drive'' * '' drunk and disorderly'' * ''

Dungeons & Dragons ''Dungeons & Dragons'' (commonly abbreviated as ''D&D'' or ''DnD'') is a fantasy tabletop role-playing game (RPG) originally designed by Gary Gygax and Dave Arneson. The game was first published in 1974 by Tactical Studies Rules, Inc. (TS ...

'' * ''

fast and furious ''Fast & Furious'' (also known as ''The Fast and the Furious'') is a media franchise centered on a series of action films that are largely concerned with street racing, heists, spies, and family. The franchise also includes short films, a ...

'' * ''feast or famine'' * ''

fire and forget Fire-and-forget is a type of missile guidance which does not require further external intervention after launch such as illumination of the target or wire guidance, and can hit its target without the launcher being in line-of-sight of the targe ...

'' * '' fire and fury'' * ''fit in or fuck off'' * '' flip-flop'' * ''

flora and fauna In biology, an organism () is any living system that functions as an individual entity. All organisms are composed of cells (cell theory). Organisms are classified by taxonomy into groups such as multicellular animals, plants, and fungi ...

'' * ''footloose and fancy-free'' * ''forgive and forget'' * ''form and function'' * ''friend or foe'' * ''fun and frolics'' * ''fur and feathers'' * ''ghosts and goblins'' * ''grins and giggles'' * ''guys and gals'' * ''to have and to hold'' * ''hearth and home'' * ''hem and haw'' * '' hoot and holler'' * ''Jew and Gentile'' * ''juking and jiving'' * ''king and country'' * ''kit and caboodle'' * ''kith and kin'' * ''last but not least'' * ''

latitude and longitude The geographic coordinate system (GCS) is a spherical or ellipsoidal coordinate system for measuring and communicating positions directly on the Earth as latitude and longitude. It is the simplest, oldest and most widely used of the various ...

'' * '' Lend-Lease'' * ''life and limb'' * ''live and learn'' * ''lock and load'' * ''love it or leave it'' * ''mix and match'' * ''meek and mild'' * '' name and number'' * ''part and parcel'' * ''peas in a pod'' * ''pen and pencil'' * ''pen(cil) and paper'' * ''

pig in a poke A ''pig in a poke'' is a thing that is bought without first being inspected, and thus of unknown authenticity or quality. The idiom is attested in 1555: I wyll neuer bye the pyg in the poke Thers many a foule pyg in a feyre cloke A "poke" is a b ...

'' * ''pillar to post'' * '' pots and pans'' * ''

publish or perish "Publish or perish" is an aphorism describing the pressure to publish academic work in order to succeed in an academic career. Such institutional pressure is generally strongest at research universities. Some researchers have identified the pub ...

'' * ''

rags to riches Rags to riches refers to any situation in which a person rises from poverty to wealth, and in some cases from absolute obscurity to heights of fame, fortune and celebrity—sometimes instantly. This is a common archetype in literature and popul ...

'' * ''ranting and raving'' * ''read and write'' * ''ready to rumble'' * ''rest and relaxation'' ( R&R/R'n'R) * ''(without) rhyme or reason'' * ''right and wrong'' * ''

rock and roll Rock and roll (often written as rock & roll, rock 'n' roll, or rock 'n roll) is a genre of popular music that evolved in the United States during the late 1940s and early 1950s. It originated from African-American music such as jazz, rhythm a ...

'' * ''rough and ready'' * ''rules and regulations'' * ''safe and secure'' * ''safe and sound'' * ''shot and shell'' * ''shower and shave'' * ''signs and symptoms'' * '' slip and slide'' * ''spick and span'' * ''spit and shine'' * '' Stars and Stripes'' * '' sticks and stones'' * ''sugar and spice'' * ''this or that'' * ''ticky-tacky'' * ''tit for tat'' * ''top and tail'' * ''toss and turn'' * '' trick or treat'' * ''trials and tribulations'' * ''tried and tested'' * ''tried and true'' * ''truck and trailer'' * ''wash and wear'' * ''watching and waiting'' * ''weep and wail'' * ''wet and wild'' * ''whooping and hollering'' * ''wild and woolly'' * ''wise and wonderful'' * ''witches and warlocks'' * ''wrack and ruin''

With rhymes and similar-sounding words

* ''break and take'' *'' boom and zoom'' * ''box and cox'' * ''chalk and talk'' * ''charts and darts'' * ''chips and dip'' * ''double trouble'' * ''even Steven'' * ''fair and square'' * ''fender bender'' * ''five and dime'' * '' flotsam and jetsam'' * ''no fuss, no muss'' * ''handy-dandy'' * ''harum-scarum'' * ''helter skelter'' * ''higgledy piggledy'' * ''high and dry'' * ''hire and fire'' *'' hit and split'' * ''hit it and quit'' * ''hither and thither'' * '' hocus pocus'' * ''hoity toity'' * ''hot to trot'' * ''huff and puff'' * ''hustle and bustle'' * ''lap and gap'' * ''latest and greatest'' * ''lean, mean, fightin' machine'' * ''lick 'em and stick 'em'' * ''loud and proud'' * ''mean, green, fightin' machine'' * ''meet and greet'' * ''motor voter'' * ''my way or the highway'' * ''namby-pamby'' * '' name and shame'' * '' name it and claim it'' * ''near and dear'' * ''never, ever'' * ''nitty gritty'' * ''odds and sods'' * ''onwards and upwards'' * ''orgy porgy'' * ''out and about'' * ''out and proud'' * ''pell-mell'' * ''

pump and dump Pump and dump (P&D) is a form of securities fraud that involves artificially inflating the price of an owned stock through false and misleading positive statements, in order to sell the cheaply purchased stock at a higher price. Once the operat ...

'' * ''rough and tough'' * ''shout and clout'' * ''saggy baggy'' * ''shake and bake'' * ''slowly but surely'' * ''smoke and joke'' * ''son of a gun'' * ''stash and dash'' * ''stop and drop'' * '' so far, so good'' * ''

surf and turf Surf and turf or surf 'n' turf is a main course combining seafood and red meat. A typical seafood component would be lobster (either lobster tail or a whole lobster), prawns, shrimp, squid or scallops, any of which could be steamed, grilled or ...

'' * ''time and tide'' * ''

town and gown Town and gown are two distinct communities of a university town; 'town' being the non-academic population and 'gown' metonymically being the university community, especially in ancient seats of learning such as Oxford, Cambridge, Durham, and St ...

'' * ''use it or lose it'' * ''wake and bake'' * ''wear and tear'' * ''weed and feed'' * ''wham, bam, thank you, ma'am'' * ''willy nilly'' * ''wine and dine'' * ''yea or nay'' * ''(the) yeas and (the) nays''

Legal terminology

In law and official documents, there are many irreversible binomials and triplets consisting of near synonyms, such as the oft-heard '' terms and conditions'' and '' cease and desist''. See the Legal doublet article for a list.

Conjunction

The most common conjunctions in an irreversible binomial are ''and'' or ''or.''

With "and" as the conjunction

* '' 7 and 7'' * ''above and beyond'' * ''airs and graces'' * ''alarm and muster'' * ''alive and kicking'' * ''alive and well'' * ''an arm and a leg'' * ''armed and dangerous'' * ''

apples and oranges A comparison of apples and oranges occurs when two items or groups of items are compared that cannot be practically compared, typically because of inherent, fundamental and/or qualitative differences between the items. The idiom, ''comparing ...

'' * ''back and fill'' * ''back and forth'' * '' bacon and eggs'' * '' bangers and mash'' * '' bait and switch'' * ''bait and tackle'' * ''(old)

ball and chain A ball and chain is a physical restraint device historically applied to prisoners, primarily in the British Empire and its former colonies, from the 17th century until as late as the mid-20th century. A type of shackle, the ball and chain is ...

'' * '' barefoot and pregnant'' * ''bargain and sale'' * ''bed and breakfast'' * ''beck and call'' * ''bells and whistles'' * '' belt and suspenders'' * ''big and bold'' * ''big and tall'' * ''bigger and better'' * ''binge and purge'' * '' bit and bridle'' * ''bits and bobs'' * ''bits and pieces'' * ''black and blue '' * ''block and tackle'' * ''blood and guts'' * ''blood and gore'' * '' bob and weave'' * '' bow and arrow'' * ''bound and determined'' * ''bound and gagged'' * ''bow and scrape'' * ''brace and bit'' * ''bread and water'' * ''

bread and circuses "Bread and circuses" (or bread and games; from Latin: ''panem et circenses'') is a metonymic phrase referring to superficial appeasement. It is attributed to Juvenal, a Roman poet active in the late first and early second century CE, and is used ...

'' * '' bread and roses'' * ''brown and serve'' * ''bucket and spade'' * ''bump and grind'' * ''by and large'' * ''by guess and by golly'' * '' cap and gown'' * ''

car and driver ''Car and Driver'' (''CD'' or ''C/D'') is an American automotive enthusiast magazine. In 2006 its total circulation was 1.23 million. It is owned by Hearst Magazines, who purchased prior owner Hachette Filipacchi Media U.S. in 2011. It was f ...

'' * ''

cat and mouse Cat and mouse, often expressed as cat-and-mouse game, is an English-language idiom that means "a contrived action involving constant pursuit, near captures, and repeated escapes." The "cat" is unable to secure a definitive victory over the "mouse ...

'' * ''

checks and balances Separation of powers refers to the division of a state's government into branches, each with separate, independent powers and responsibilities, so that the powers of one branch are not in conflict with those of the other branches. The typic ...

'' * ''

chicken and dumplings Chicken and dumplings is a soup that consists of a chicken cooked in water, with the resulting chicken broth being used to cook the dumplings by boiling. A dumpling—in this context—is a biscuit dough, which is a mixture of flour, shortening ...

'' * ''chop and change'' * ''clean and sober'' * '' cloak and dagger'' * '' coat and tie'' * ''

coffee and doughnuts Coffee and doughnuts is a common food and drink pairing in the United States and Canada (where ''doughnuts'' are typically spelled ''donuts''). The pairing is often consumed as a simple breakfast, and is often consumed in doughnut shops. Coffee ...

'' * ''cock-and-bull'' * ''crash and burn'' * ''cream and sugar'' * ''

crime and punishment ''Crime and Punishment'' ( pre-reform Russian: ; post-reform rus, Преступление и наказание, Prestupléniye i nakazániye, prʲɪstʊˈplʲenʲɪje ɪ nəkɐˈzanʲɪje) is a novel by the Russian author Fyodor Dostoevsky. ...

'' * ''cup and saucer'' * ''cut and dried (dry)'' * ''cut and paste'' * ''cut and run'' * '' dandelion and burdock'' * ''day and night'' * ''dead and buried'' * ''dead and gone'' * ''death and taxes'' * ''dine and dash'' * '' divide and conquer'' * '' dog and pony show'' * ''down and out'' * '' duck and cover'' * ''duck and dive'' * ''each and every'' * ''eyes and ears'' * ''far and wide'' * ''fast and furious'' * ''fast and loose'' * ''fine and dandy'' * ''fingers and thumbs'' * ''

fire and brimstone Fire and brimstone ( ''gofrit va’esh'', grc, πυρὸς καὶ θείου) is an idiomatic expression referring to God's wrath found in both the Hebrew Bible and the Christian New Testament. In the Bible, it often appears in reference t ...

'' * '' fish and chips'' * ''(by) fits and starts'' * ''flesh and blood'' * ''flesh and bone'' * ''forever and a day'' * ''forever and ever'' * ''front and center'' * ''fun and games'' * ''fuss and bother'' * ''goals and aspirations'' * ''good and plenty'' * ''goodness and light'' * ''hale and hearty'' * ''hard and fast'' * ''

ham and eggs Ham and eggs is a dish combining various preparations of its main ingredients, ham and eggs. It has been described as a staple of "an old-fashioned American breakfast". It is also served as a lunch and dinner dish. Some notable people have prof ...

'' * ''hammer and nail'' * '' hammer and sickle'' * '' hammer and tongs'' * ''hearts and minds'' * ''here and now'' * ''hide and watch'' * ''high and mighty'' * ''high and dry'' * '' high and tight'' * ''

hit and run In traffic laws, a hit and run or a hit-and-run is the act of causing a traffic collision and not stopping afterwards. It is considered a supplemental crime in most jurisdictions. Additional obligation In many jurisdictions, there may be a ...

'' * ''hit it and quit it'' * ''hither and yon'' * ''hither and thither'' * ''home and hosed'' * ''home and dry'' * '' hook and eye'' * '' hook and loop'' * ''

horse and buggy ] A horse and buggy (in American English) or horse and carriage (in British English and American English) refers to a light, simple, two-person carriage of the late 18th, 19th and early 20th centuries, drawn usually by one or sometimes by two h ...

'' * ''

horse and carriage ] A horse and buggy (in American English) or horse and carriage (in British English and American English) refers to a light, simple, two-person carriage of the late 18th, 19th and early 20th centuries, drawn usually by one or sometimes by two h ...

'' * ''hot and heavy'' * ''

hot and high In aviation, hot and high is a condition of low air density due to high ambient temperature and high airport elevation. Air density decreases with increasing temperature and altitude. The lower air density reduces the power output from the airc ...

'' * ''hot and bothered'' * ''

hugs and kisses Hugs and kisses, abbreviated in North America as XO or XOXO, is an informal term used for expressing sincerity, faith, love, or good friendship at the end of a written letter, email or text message. In the United Kingdom, the phrase 'hugs and ...

'' (XOXO) * ''(for all) intents and purposes'' * ''kippers and custard'' * ''kiss and tell'' * ''kiss and make up'' * ''kith and kin'' * ''knife and fork'' * ''lakes and streams'' * ''

last will and testament A will or testament is a legal document that expresses a person's (testator) wishes as to how their property ( estate) is to be distributed after their death and as to which person ( executor) is to manage the property until its final distributi ...

'' * ''

law and order In modern politics, law and order is the approach focusing on harsher enforcement and penalties as ways to reduce crime. Penalties for perpetrators of disorder may include longer terms of imprisonment, mandatory sentencing, three-strikes laws a ...

'' * ''lo and behold'' * '' lock and dam'' * ''

lock and key A lock is a mechanical or electronic fastening device that is released by a physical object (such as a key, keycard, fingerprint, RFID card, security token or coin), by supplying secret information (such as a number or letter permutation or pa ...

'' * '' look and feel'' * ''loud and clear'' * ''make do and mend'' * ''man and boy'' * ''meat and potatoes'' * ''men and women'' * ''milk and honey'' * '' mortise and tenon'' * ''name and address'' * ''names and faces'' * ''nice and easy'' * ''nook and cranny'' * ''noughts and crosses'' * ''nuts and bolts'' * ''odds and ends'' * ''off and away'' * ''once and for all'' * ''out and about'' * '' over and out'' * '' peaches and cream'' * '' Ps and Qs'' * ''

peanut butter and jelly A peanut butter and jelly sandwich (PB&J) consists of peanut butter and fruit preserves—jelly—spread on bread. The sandwich may be open-faced, made of a single slice of bread folded over, or made using two slices of bread. The san ...

'' * ''peas and carrots'' * ''pickles and ice cream'' * ''pick and axe'' * ''piss and moan'' * ''piss and vinegar'' * ''piss and whine'' * ''prim and proper'' * ''prize and booty'' * '' pork and beans'' * ''pure and simple'' * ''quick and dirty'' * '' rack and pinion'' * ''rack and ruin'' * ''raining cats and dogs'' * ''rape and pillage'' * '' research and development'' (R&D) * ''

rhythm and blues Rhythm and blues, frequently abbreviated as R&B or R'n'B, is a genre of popular music that originated in African-American communities in the 1940s. The term was originally used by record companies to describe recordings marketed predominantly ...

'' (R&B) * ''rich and famous'' * ''rise and shine'' * '' (between a) rock and a hard place'' * '' room and board'' * ''rough and tumble'' * ''run and jump'' * ''(all's) said and done'' * '' salt and pepper'' * '' scratch and sniff'' * '' search and rescue'' * '' seek and destroy'' * ''(different) shapes and sizes'' * ''shirt and tie'' * ''short and fat'' * ''short and sweet'' * ''short and stout'' * '' show and tell'' * '' shuck and jive'' * ''sick and tired'' * '' slash and burn'' * '' slings and arrows'' * ''

slip and fall A slip and fall injury, also known as a trip and fall, is a premises liability claim, a type of personal injury claim or case based on a person slipping (or tripping) on the premises of another and, as a result, suffering injury. It is a tort. A ...

'' * ''slow and steady'' * ''skin and bone(s)'' * ''

smash and grab A smash and grab is a particular form of burglary or looting that involves smashing a barrier, usually a display window in a shop or a showcase, grabbing valuables, and then making a quick getaway, without concern for setting off alarms or creat ...

'' * '' smoke and mirrors'' * '' snakes and ladders'' * ''socks and shoes'' * '' song and dance'' * '' sound and fury'' * ''(in) spirit and (in) truth'' * '' spit and polish'' * ''stand and deliver'' * ''stress and strain'' * ''suave and debonair'' * '' suit and tie'' * ''sunshine and rainbows'' * '' supply and demand'' * ''

sweetness and light Sweetness and light is an English idiom that can be used in common speech, either as statement of personal happy consciousness, (though this may be viewed by natives as being a trifle in earnest) or as literal report on another person. Depending up ...

'' * ''a swing and a miss'' * ''

sword and sandal Sword-and-sandal, also known as peplum (pepla plural), is a subgenre of largely Italian-made historical, mythological, or Biblical epics mostly set in the Greco-Roman antiquity or the Middle Ages. These films attempted to emulate the big-budge ...

'' * ''tables and chairs'' * ''tall and thin'' * '' tar(red) and feather(ed)'' * '' tar and feathers'' * ''tea and crumpets'' * ''(through) thick and thin'' * ''thunder and lightning'' * ''tits and ass'' * ''to and fro'' * ''tooth and nail'' * ''touch and go'' * ''

track and field Track and field is a sport that includes athletic contests based on running, jumping, and throwing skills. The name is derived from where the sport takes place, a running track and a grass field for the throwing and some of the jumping eve ...

'' * ''

trial and error Trial and error is a fundamental method of problem-solving characterized by repeated, varied attempts which are continued until success, or until the practicer stops trying. According to W.H. Thorpe, the term was devised by C. Lloyd Morgan (18 ...

'' * ''tuck and roll'' * ''up and about'' * ''vim and vigor'' * ''wait and see'' * ''warm and fuzzy'' * ''

warp and weft Warp and weft are the two basic components used in weaving to turn thread or yarn into fabric. The lengthwise or longitudinal warp yarns are held stationary in tension on a frame or loom while the transverse weft (sometimes woof) is drawn ...

'' * ''wax and wane'' * ''ways and means'' * ''weak and girlish'' * ''well and good'' * ''whinge and whine'' * ''wine and roses'' * ''words and phrases'' * ''X's and O's'' * '' yes and no'' * ''a year and a day''

With "or" or "nor" as the conjunction

* ''all or nothing'' * ''better or worse'' * ''big or small'' * ''black or white'' * ''business or pleasure'' * ''the chicken or the egg'' * ''day or night'' * ''dead or alive'' * ''do or die'' * ''fight or flight'' * ''(neither) fish nor fowl'' * ''give or take'' * ''good or bad'' * ''gentle or simple'' * ''he or she'' * '' heads or tails'' * ''(come) hell or high water'' * ''(neither) here nor there'' * ''(neither) hide nor hair'' * '' his or her'' * ''hit or miss'' * ''(not one) jot or tittle'' * ''kill or cure'' * ''kill or be killed'' * ''(neither) love nor money'' * ''make or break'' * ''more or less'' * ''now or never'' * ''

put up or shut up ''Put Up or Shut Up'' is an EP by American Rock music, rock band All Time Low released in 2006 through Hopeless Records. Background and release Five of the tracks are re-recordings of ''The Party Scene'' (2005) songs. The title originates from lyr ...

'' * ''rain or shine'' * ''rhyme or reason'' * ''right or wrong'' * ''sink or swim'' * ''sooner or later'' * ''take it or leave it'' * ''two or more'' * ''up or down'' * ''(neither) use nor ornament'' * ''victory or death'' * ''win or lose'' * '' yes or no''

With no conjunction

* ''hoity toity'' * '' hunter-gatherer'' * ''corn cheese''

People and fictional characters

* Abbott and Costello *

Adam and Eve Adam and Eve, according to the creation myth of the Abrahamic religions, were the first man and woman. They are central to the belief that humanity is in essence a single family, with everyone descended from a single pair of original ancestors. ...

* Antony and Cleopatra *

Ant & Dec Ant & Dec are a British television presenting duo, consisting of Anthony McPartlin (born 18 November 1975) and Declan Donnelly (born 25 September 1975), from Newcastle upon Tyne, England. Formed after their meeting as child actors on CBBC's ...

* Batman and Robin * Bonnie and Clyde * Cain and Abel * Cannon and Ball *

Castor and Pollux Castor; grc, Κάστωρ, Kástōr, beaver. and Pollux. (or Polydeukes). are twin half-brothers in Greek and Roman mythology, known together as the Dioscuri.; grc, Διόσκουροι, Dióskouroi, sons of Zeus, links=no, from ''Dîos'' ('Z ...

Click and Clack ''Car Talk'' is a radio talk show that was broadcast weekly on National Public Radio (NPR) stations and elsewhere. Its subjects were automobiles and automotive repair, often discussed humorously. It was hosted by brothers Tom and Ray Maglioz ...

Damon and Pythias The story of Damon (; grc-gre, Δάμων, gen. Δάμωνος) and Pythias (; or ; or Phintias, ) is a legend in Greek historic writings illustrating the Pythagorean ideal of friendship. Pythias is accused of and charged with plotting against ...

* Deleuze and Guattari *

Dick and Jane ''Dick and Jane'' are the two main characters created by Zerna Sharp for a series of basal readers written by William S. Gray to teach children to read. The characters first appeared in the ''Elson-Gray Readers'' in 1930 and continued in a sub ...

* Flanders and Swann *

French and Saunders ''French and Saunders'' is a British sketch comedy television series written by and starring comedy duo and namesake Dawn French and Jennifer Saunders that originally broadcast on BBC2 from 1987 to 1993, and later on BBC One until 2017. It is a ...

Frick and Frack Frick and Frack were a comedic ice skating duo of Swiss people, Swiss skaters who went to the United States in 1937 and joined the original Ice Follies show. "Frick" was Werner Groebli (April 21, 1915 – April 14, 2008), born in Basel. "Frack" wa ...

* Gilbert and Sullivan *

Hansel and Gretel "Hansel and Gretel" (; german: Hänsel und Gretel ) is a German fairy tale collected by the German Brothers Grimm and published in 1812 in ''Grimm's Fairy Tales'' (KHM 15). It is also known as Little Step Brother and Little Step Sister. Hansel ...

* Jacob and Esau *

Jack and Jill "Jack and Jill" (sometimes "Jack and Gill", particularly in earlier versions) is a traditional English nursery rhyme. The Roud Folk Song Index classifies the commonest tune and its variations as number 10266, although it has been set to severa ...

* Jack and Victor * Laurel and Hardy * Lennon and McCartney * Lewis and Clark *

Little and Large ''Little and Large'' were a British comedy double act comprising straight man Syd Little (born Cyril John Mead; 19 December 1942) and comic Eddie Large (born Edward Hugh McGinnis; 25 June 1941 – 2 April 2020). Comedy duo They formed their p ...

Martin and Lewis Martin and Lewis were an American comedy duo, comprising singer Dean Martin and comedian Jerry Lewis. They met in 1945 and debuted at Atlantic City's 500 Club on July 25, 1946; the team lasted ten years to the day. Before they teamed up, Martin ...

Mary-Kate and Ashley Olsen Mary-Kate Olsen and Ashley Fuller Olsen (born June 13, 1986), also known as the Olsen twins as a duo, are American fashion designers and former actresses. The twins made their acting debut as infants playing Michelle Tanner on the television s ...

* Mel and Sue *

Morecambe and Wise Eric Morecambe (John Eric Bartholomew, 14 May 1926 – 28 May 1984) and Ernie Wise (Ernest Wiseman, 27 November 1925 – 21 March 1999), known as Morecambe and Wise (and sometimes as Eric and Ernie), were an English comic double act, working ...

Mork and Mindy ''Mork & Mindy'' is an American television sitcom that aired on ABC from September 14, 1978, to May 27, 1982. A spin-off after a highly successful episode of ''Happy Days'', "My Favorite Orkan", it starred Robin Williams as Mork, an extraterrest ...

Penn & Teller Penn & Teller, Penn Jillette and Teller, are American magicians, entertainers, and scientific skeptics who have performed together since the late 1970s. They are noted for their ongoing act that combines elements of comedy with magic. The duo h ...

Phineas and Ferb ''Phineas and Ferb'' is an American animated musical-comedy television series created by Dan Povenmire and Jeff "Swampy" Marsh for Disney Channel and Disney XD. Produced by Disney Television Animation, the series was originally broadcast as ...

* Pinky & The Brain *

Ren & Stimpy ''The Ren & Stimpy Show'' (also known as ''Ren & Stimpy'') is an American animated television series created by Canadian animator John Kricfalusi. Originally produced by Spümcø for Nickelodeon, the series aired from August 11, 1991, to Decemb ...

* Rhett & Link *

Rick and Morty {{Infobox television , image = Rick and Morty title card (cropped).png , alt = , caption = , genre = {{Plainlist, * Animated sitcom * Adult animation * Science fiction * Black comedy * ...

Rodgers and Hart Rodgers and Hart were an American songwriting partnership between composer Richard Rodgers (1902–1979) and the lyricist Lorenz Hart (1895–1943). They worked together on 28 stage musicals and more than 500 songs from 1919 until Hart' ...

Rodgers and Hammerstein Rodgers and Hammerstein was a theater-writing team of composer Richard Rodgers (1902–1979) and lyricist-dramatist Oscar Hammerstein II (1895–1960), who together created a series of innovative and influential American musicals. Their popular ...

* '' Romeo and Juliet'' * Romulus and Remus * Rosencrantz and Guildenstern * Sam and Max *

Sonny & Cher Sonny & Cher were an American pop and entertainment duo in the 1960s and 1970s, made up of husband and wife Sonny Bono and Cher. The couple started their career in the mid-1960s as R&B backing singers for record producer Phil Spector. The pair f ...

Thomson and Thompson Thomson and Thompson (french: Dupont et Dupond ) are fictional characters in ''The Adventures of Tintin'', the comics series by Belgian cartoonist Hergé. They are two incompetent detectives who provide much of the comic relief throughout the s ...

* Tom & Jerry *

Tristan and Isolde Tristan and Iseult, also known as Tristan and Isolde and other names, is a medieval chivalric romance told in numerous variations since the 12th century. Based on a Celtic legend and possibly other sources, the tale is a tragedy about the illic ...

Tim & Eric Tim & Eric are an American comedy duo consisting of Tim Heidecker and Eric Wareheim. They are the creators and stars of the Adult Swim television series '' Tom Goes to the Mayor'', '' Tim and Eric Awesome Show, Great Job!'', ''Check It Out! w ...

* Vic & Bob * Watson and Crick

Rhyming slang

* ''Adam and Eve'' * ''apples and pears'' * ''bottle and glass'' * ''Brahms and Liszt'' * ''dog and bone'' * ''frog and toad'' * ''hand and blister'' * ''north and south'' * ''rabbit and pork'' * ''trouble and strife'' * ''two and eight'' * ''whistle and flute''

Variants

Irreversible binomials are sometimes isocolons (bicolons, tricolons, etc.) which have become

set phrase Set, The Set, SET or SETS may refer to: Science, technology, and mathematics Mathematics *Set (mathematics), a collection of elements *Category of sets, the category whose objects and morphisms are sets and total functions, respectively Electro ...

s. They may also be called simply binomials. With three words, they may be called trinomials, and may satisfy the rule of three in writing.

Common trinomials

* '' Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob'' * '' animal, vegetable, or mineral'' * '' back, sack, and crack'' * '' beans, bullets, and bandages'' * '' beg, borrow, or steal'' * '' bell, book, and candle'' * ''blood, sweat, and tears'' * ''calm, cool, and collected'' * ''Coffee, tea, or me?'' * '' could've, would've, should've'' * ''

Eagle, Globe, and Anchor The Eagle, Globe, and Anchor (commonly referred to as an EGA) is the official emblem and insignia of the United States Marine Corps. The current emblem traces its roots in the designs and ornaments of the early Continental Marines as well as the ...

'' ** ''bird, ball, and chain'' * '' ear, nose, and throat'' * ''eat, drink, and be merry'' * ''fat, dumb, and happy'' * '' Father, Son, and Holy Ghost'' * '' fear, uncertainty, and doubt'' * '' fraud, waste, and abuse'' * '' friends, Romans, countrymen'' * '' (do not) fold, spindle, or mutilate'' * ''Get it? Got it? Good.'' * '' gold, silver, and bronze'' *" gold, God, and glory" * ''good, bad, and indifferent'' * ''the good, the bad, and the ugly'' * '' Guns, Germs, and Steel'' * '' hand, foot, and mouth'' * '' healthy, wealthy, and wise'' * ''here, there, and everywhere'' * '' hook, line, and sinker'' * '' lather, rinse, repeat'' * '' lie, cheat, or steal'' * '' lights, camera, action'' * ''

location, location, location ''Location, Location, Location'' is a British reality property programme that has aired on Channel 4 since 17 May 2000 and is presented by Kirstie Allsopp and Phil Spencer. The show follows Allsopp and Spencer as they try to find the perfect ...

'' * '' win, place, or show'' * '' hop, skip, and a jump'' * '' I came, I saw, I conquered'' * ''(no) ifs, ands, or buts'' * '' judge, jury, and executioner'' * ''left, right and center'' * ''

lies, damned lies, and statistics "Lies, damned lies, and statistics" is a phrase describing the persuasive power of statistics to bolster weak arguments, "one of the best, and best-known" critiques of applied statistics. It is also sometimes colloquially used to doubt statistics ...

'' * '' life, liberty, and property'' * '' lock, stock, and barrel'' * ''mad, bad, and dangerous'' * ''me, myself, and I'' * ''name, rank, and serial number'' * '' nasty, brutish, and short'' * ''The

Niña ''La Niña'' ( Spanish for ''The Girl'') was one of the three Spanish ships used by Italian explorer Christopher Columbus in his first voyage to the West Indies in 1492. As was tradition for Spanish ships of the day, she bore a female saint's n ...

, the Pinta, and the Santa María'' * '' Planes, Trains, and Automobiles'' * '' (neither) rain, nor sleet, nor snow'' * '' reading, writing and 'rithmetic'' * ''ready, willing, and able'' * '' red, white, and blue'' * '' secure, contain, protect'' * '' sex, drugs, and rock 'n' roll'' * '' Shake, Rattle, and Roll'' * ''short and sweet and to the point'' * ''slips, trips, and falls'' * ''small, medium, and large'' * '' stop, drop, and roll'' * '' stop, look, and listen'' * '' soup, soap, and salvation'' * '' sugar and spice and everything nice'' * ''tall, dark, and handsome'' * ''this, that, and the other'' * ''

tic-tac-toe Tic-tac-toe (American English), noughts and crosses (Commonwealth English), or Xs and Os (Canadian or Irish English) is a paper-and-pencil game for two players who take turns marking the spaces in a three-by-three grid with ''X'' or ''O''. ...

'' * '' Tom, Dick, and Harry'' * ''up, down, and sideways'' * ''(in no) way, shape, or form'' * '' the way, the truth, and the life'' * ''whats, whys, and wherefores'' * ''win, lose, or draw'' * '' your tired, your poor, your huddled masses'' * ''

Huey, Dewey, and Louie Huey, Dewey, and Louie are Multiple birth, triplet cartoon characters created by storyboard artist (screenwriter) Carl Barks for The Walt Disney Company from an idea proposed by cartoonist Al Taliaferro and are the nephews of Donald Duck and th ...

Quadrinomials

* '' attack, decay, sustain, release'' * ''

blood, toil, tears, and sweat The phrase "blood, toil, tears and sweat" became famous in a speech given by Winston Churchill to the House of Commons of the Parliament of the United Kingdom on 13 May 1940. The speech is sometimes known by that name. Background This was Ch ...

'' * '' John, Paul, George, and Ringo'' * '' Matthew, Mark, Luke, and John'' * '' soprano, alto, tenor, bass'' *'' Suck, squeeze, bang, blow'' * '' War, Pestilence, Famine, Death''

Notes

References

Bibliography

* Cooper, William E. and Ross, John R. (1975). World order. In Robin E. Grossman et al. (Eds.), ''Papers from the Parasession on Functionalism,'' Chicago Linguistic Society, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, pp. 63–111. *

Sarah Bunin Benor Sarah Bunin Benor is an American linguist and scholar of Jewish languages. She is a professor of contemporary Jewish studies and linguistics and vice provost of Hebrew Union College – Jewish Institute of Religion. Biography Benor graduated fro ...

, Roger Levy, "The Chicken or the Egg?: A Probabilistic Analysis of English Binomials", ''

Language Language is a structured system of communication. The structure of a language is its grammar and the free components are its vocabulary. Languages are the primary means by which humans communicate, and may be conveyed through a variety of met ...

'' 82:2:233-278 (June 2006)
full text
* Ourania Hatzidaki, "Binomials and the Computer: a Study in Corpus-Based Phraseology", ALLC/ACH Conference, University of Glasgow, July 200

{{Authority control English language Idioms